1905 - Golden Rule Orchestra (1905) - Dance Orchestra. This was one of the bands that Buddy Bolden competed with for jobs, both on the street and with the slimmed-down versions that played for large gatherings. 1905 - Peerless Orchestra (1905-1913) - Dance Orchestra. 1905 - Doc Cheatham born (trumpeter) 1905 - Eddie Condon born (banjo player)

Let's check the status of the already-known jazz musicians by 1905   In 1905, Buddy Bolden was about 28 years old, and playing at his peak. Most of his sidemen were listed as musicians in the city directory. He played "a very loud cornet", and the rest of his band included Willie Cornish on valve trombone, Brock Mumford on guitar, Cornelius Tillman on drums, Frank Lewis on B-flat clarinet, Willie Warner on C-clarinet, and Jimmy Johnson playing bass. The two best music-reading musicians were Buddy Bolden and Frank Lewis, and they thought the Bolden's repertoire to the others. Bolden experimented with his cornet playing, was very popular, and played mainly to black audiences. He played spirituals and hymns. George Baquet said that he first "sat in" with Bolden's band at the Oddfellows Hall in 1905. The Creole, John Robichaux (aged 30) who lived uptown on Tchoupitoulas Street, was still Bolden's rival in some of the rougher spots during 1905. Robichaux was older than Bolden, and had the advantage of a sound musical education. Robichaux's drummer Edward Dee Dee Chandler, and his bass player Henry Kimball, had both become significantly identified with jazz happenings. Most of his men in The Robichaux Dance Orchestra, though, were mature musicians who had been picking up many "plush" jobs in the city when Buddy Bolden was learning to play the cornet (Big Eye Louis Delisle said that Bolden was "just beginning on cornet" in the year 1900; however, Bolden had his own "ragtime" band in 1893, and he is remembered as playing trumpet with the band then.). Robichaux played regularly at Antoines' Restaurant and the Grunewald Hotel. He led the only Creole Band to play at a carnival ball in the old French Opera House. He had been through the difficult years of transition after the 1894 Black Code amendment hit the musicians' industry, and survived with his band despite some of his musicians' moonlighting with the Onward Brass Band. So he and Bolden were tough competitors on the music scene. Bunk Johnson is with Hagenback's and Wallace's Circus visiting San Francisco in 1905. Bunk also claimed to have worked in England about this time. In between trips he returned regularly to New Orleans. He is said to have worked regularly on liners sailing to the Orient, Australia, and Europe. "Big Eye" Louis Nelson works in the Imperial Orchestra around 1905. During the summer of 1905, Nick La Rocca co-led a juvenile band with Violinist Henry Young. Later he gigged in New Orleans with local string trios until forming his own band in 1908. Manuel Perez (aged 32) was, of all the musicians playing at the time, the one who was nearly as busy musically as Bolden and Robichaux. "Papa" Jack Laine (aged 32), and by now has formed several brass bands. He has his own minstrels, and leads a circus band in 1905.

Let's check out the ages of the other jazz musicians in 1905 ...  Aged 39 - John Robichaux Aged 32 - "Papa" Laine Aged 32 - Manuel Perez Aged 28 - Buddy Bolden Aged 26 - Bunk Johnson (maybe 16) Aged 21 - Oscar Celestin Aged 20 - "Big Eye" Louis Nelson Aged 20 - Joe Oliver Aged 20 - Jelly Roll Morton (maybe) Aged 19 - Kid Ory Aged 18 - Buddy Petit Aged 16 - Freddie Keppard Aged 16 - Nick La Rocca Aged 14 - James P Johnson Aged 14 - Mutt Carey Aged 13 - Johnny Dodds Aged 10 - Jimmy Noone Aged 08 - Sidney Bechet Aged 07 - Baby Dodds Aged 07 - Kid Rena Aged 06 - Duke Ellington Aged 06 - Paul Barbarin Aged 05 - George Lewis Aged 05 - Louis Armstrong

1906 - Hill City Band (1906) - Dance Orchestra 1906 - Tulane Orchestra (1906-1919) - Jazz Band - A loosely organised group that played irregularly, led by Amos Riley on trumpet. 1906 - Oscar "Papa" Celestin (aged 22) who features in brass bands, moves to New Orleans, and is now in the forefront of early jazz in New Orleans. He joined the Indiana Brass Band on cornet. Later he worked in Allen's Brass Band and with Jack Carey, The Olympia Band, etc. (We need to verify which one - the note immediately below says that Freddie Keppard "organised his first Olympia Orchestra in 1906". Another source reference says that the Olympia Orchestra was formed in 1900, and it does not list Oscar "Papa" Celestin as playing for that band. If our source references are talking about the same band/orchestra here, then one of the sources is incorrect.) mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com   1906 - Freddie Keppard (cornetist) became a pupil of Adolphe Alexander (Senior) in 1906. He organised his first Olympia Orchestra in 1906, with clarinetist Alphonse Picou (date according to John Chilton's Who's Who of Jazz). (NOTE: Rose and Souchon in their book on New Orleans say that the first Olympia Orchestra was formed in 1900). According to one of our references, Keppard also played with the Excelsior Brass Band. We need to verify these facts. mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com

1907 - Henry Allen Brass Band was formed (1907-1940's) 1907 - Buddy Bolden was incapacitated by mental illness. He was put into an institution (the East Louisiana State Hospital) on 5th June 1907. He remained there until his death in 1931, though there are one or two people who claim that they saw Buddy Bolden on occasion, outside of the institution between 1907 and 1931. These claims can not be substantiated. His last known job was with Allen's Brass Band in 1907.

From "In Search of Buddy Bolden" - "Bolden's departure from the New Orleans music scene did not at first make any noticeable ripple. Beatrice Alcorn said that John Robichaux began getting more and more jobs at Jackson Hall; Bolden just sort of faded away. 'Then we realised he wasn't around any more'. It is almost certain that Bolden was no longer playing after September 1906, though people have mentioned hearing him later. Harrison Barnes recalled that one afternoon in 1907 he was playing a Bolden number with a band in the District, when out of the houses and saloons came the guys and dolls, waving and laughing, expectantly shouting, 'It's Bolden's Band! It's Bolden's Band!' Few knew where Buddy was or what had happened to him, but the spell he had cast over black New Orleans lived on - for a time at least - without him."

What were other musicians doing when Buddy Bolden departed the music scene in 1907?    Perez, Robichaux, Clem, and Dusen had already established their styles while Bolden was still active. After Bolden died, the younger musicians were unable to learn from him. There were no known recordings of Bolden, and there has not been a recording found since. . Ory, Oliver, Keppard, Johnny Dodds and Bechet would make their names known in the later teens, the twenties and later. they were still learning and experimenting when Bolden left the music scene. These five musicians had a lasting influence on New Orleans jazz as it is known today. The younger, upcoming musicians were left to learn from the oldies - Perez, George Moret, Professor Jim Humphrey, Andrew Kimball, George Hooker, the Tio Brothers, Louis Cottrell Senior, Joe Oliver and Freddie Keppard. The bands were still of various sizes and makeup, but groups like the Eagle, Imperial, Peerless, and Superior (circa 1908) Bands were becoming stabilized and establishing bases for themselves at specific dance halls and caberets. There were still definite lines drawn between black and Creole musicians ...   Perez Robichaux A J Piron Sidney Bechet Peter Bocage represented the Creole Bands   Keppard Dusen Clem Ory ... were probably closer to the Bolden tradition "But the most important contribution of the period from approximately 1906 to 1913 was its 'melting pot' aspect. The best Uptown and Downtown was blended by the older musicians; the younger men listened, and some were able to not only use what they interpreted as the best of what they heard, but they also added their own interpretation and innovations." "Perez, Keppard and Oliver were to come to the fore as the city's hottest horn men. Perez had musicianship, Keppard had power, Oliver combined the two. None of the three had the upper hand, however, and this continued to be true with later trumpet players. (Buddy Petit would become highly thought of during the 1920's, but he too, had serious challengers, including Chris Kelly, Punch Miller and Sam Morgan.)" "After Bolden left, the throne was vacant. Various trumpeters, either through their own design or because of fans' acclaim, laid title to the empty chair. But no one individual would reign again supremely as Buddy had. In his time there were no serious challengers. Later, only Keppard and Oliver actually achieved the title 'king'." One of our reference sources claims that between 1907 and 1911, Freddie Keppard also worked in Frankie Dusen's Eagle Band. ? mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com   and that he played regularly in various clubs and dance halls including Pete Lala's, Groshell's George Fewclothes, and Hanan's. "Big Eye" Louis Nelson plays with the Golden Rule Orchestra.

1908 - Superior Orchestra (1908-1913) - Dance Orchestra 1908 - American Stars (1908-1917) - Jazz Band 1908 - Henry Red Allen born - trumpeter and son of Henry Allen Senior 1908 - Avery (Kid) Howard born - trumpeter 1908 - Edward Ory, now aged 22, took his hometown band, The Woodland Band, into New Orleans. Then it split up. 1908 - Nick La Rocca formed his own band in 1908. (Later, he formed the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1915.) 1908 - During the years 1908 and 1917, Joe Oliver did parade work, gigs, was employed as a butler, and did occasional tours with various bands including: The Olympia, the Onward Brass Band, The Magnolia, The Eagle, Allen's Brass Band, (we would like to verify if Joe Oliver played with Allen's Brass Band), mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com   and The Original Superior, (we would like to verify (1) if Joe Oliver played with the Original Superior), and (2) is this the band we have cross-referenced here, or was the Original Superior a different band?) mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com

1909 - Danny Barker born (guitar and banjo player). 1909 - Around 1909, Jelly Roll Morton joined a touring show in Memphis. 1909 - Four Hot Hounds (1909-1911) - Jazz Band - A Storyville group usually at Abadie's. 1909 - Magnolia Orchestra (1909-1914) - Dance Orchestra

1910 - Tuxedo Orchestra (from 1910) - Dance Orchestra - Oscar "Papa" Celestin forms his own band - the Original Tuxedo Orchestra - to play at the Tuxedo Hall. 1910 - Tuxedo Brass Band (1910 maybe 1911 - 1925) mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com   1910 - Bunk Johnson settles down again in New Orleans after working regularly on ocean liners. He worked with Frankie Dusen's Eagle Band and Billy Marrero's Superior Band, and also resumed playing dates with The Old Excelsior, Allen's Brass Band etc. Bunk also worked in Alexandria, Louisiana, with Clarence Williams and played regular dates at cabarets in New Orleans including a spell at Pete Lala's. 1910 - One reference source claims that "Big Eye" Louis Nelson plays with Manuel Perez in the Imperial Band around 1910. Another source, however, claims that the Imperial Orchestra was not playing after 1908. This information needs to be verified. mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com   1910 - About 1910, Freddie Keppard sometimes played with the Eagle Brass Band. Between 1910 and 1912, he played in the district at Lala's, and at Groshell's Dance Hall. 1910 - "Papa" Mutt Carey played in his brother Jack's Crescent Orchestra (however, another reference source claims that this was not until 1913 - see below). mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com   Also, Papa Mutt Carey worked in the New Orleans district until 1916, mainly with Kid Ory. 1910 - Johnny Dodds began his professional clarinet career in 1910 while he was still 17 years old. He was a pupil of Lorenzo Tio Junior, and also had lessons from Charlie McCurdy. He started with Frank Duson's Eagle Band. He did day work until he joined Kid Ory two years later. 1910 - Tom Albert Jazz Band - Jazz Band 1910 - Christian Ragtime Band (circa 1910-1918) 1910 - Magnolia Sweets (1910) - Jazz Band 1910 - Fate Marable Band (1910-1925) - Dance Orchestra - Marable ran the Streckfus steamship lines band, sometimes called Marable's Ten Bold Harmony Kings; The SS Capitol Harmony Syncopators; Marable's Cotton Pickers; Marable's Capitol Revue Orchestra. 1910 - Sam Ross Orchestra (1910-1921) - This band from "over the river" was distinguished mainly by the presence of Jimmy Noone who started his career playing in it at his hometown - a place called Cut Off, Louisiana. 1910 - Happy Schilling (1910-1926) - Dance Orchestra 1910 - Schilling's Brass Band (1910-1917) 1910 - Fischer's Brass Band (1910) 1910 - Homes Band of Lutcher (1910) -This Brass Band from Lutcher, Louisiana, played many carnivals and tent shows, besides parades in New Orleans.

1911 - Six and 7/8 String Band (from 1911) 1911 - One reference source claims that Oscar "Papa" Celestin formed his Tuxedo Brass Band, the next year after he formed the band he called Original Tuxedo Orchestra (1910). He became a popular band leader in New Orleans for 40 years. 1911 - From 1911, Joe Oliver worked regularly with Richard M. Jones's Four Hot Hounds at Abadie's, and then with Kid Ory at Pete Lala's, and then as leader with his own band at Pete Lala's. He played at the 101 Ranch and other venues. 1911 - Jelly Roll Morton had been touring with a show for two years, then he quit the show in Jacksonville. Some months later he began another spell of theatrical work including a spell as a comedian-pianist with McCabe's Minstrel Troubadours. He gigged in St. Louis and Kansas City, then moved to Chicago for residencies at the Deluxe and Elite No. 2, and led his own hand. 1911 - Nick La Rocca played briefly for various band leaders between 1908 and 1911, including guitarist Dominic Barrocca (1911), trombonist Bill Gallity (1911), and the Brunies Brothers (also in 1911). 1911 - Around 1911, Johnny Dodds joined Kid Ory at the Come Clean in Gretna. He did occasional parade work with Jack Carey and various other marching band. Worked on and off with Kid Ory until 1917.

1912 - Invincibles String Band (1912-1921) - This group evolved into the New Orleans Owls. 1912 - Primrose Orchestra (1912) - dance orchestra. A small band that worked in Storyville caberets. 1912 - "Big Eye" Louis Nelson plays with the Superior Orchestra around 1912, and also worked with the Eagle Band and with "Papa" Celestin. 1912 - From around 1912 through to 1919, Kid Ory led one of the most successful bands in the city of New Orleans. 1912 - Early in 1912, Freddie Keppard (at the request of Bill Johnson) travelled to Los Angeles with several of his collegues. He became frontman and co-leader of The Original Creole Orchestra (see 1913 section below). The Orchestra toured the "Orpheum Circuit" for several years including visits to Chicago and New York in 1915. 1912 - From 1912 until 1916, Nick La Rocca played regularly in "Papa" Laine's Reliance Bands. 1912 - In the summer of 1912, the pianist James P Johnson played his first professional work at Coney Island. Subsequently he played solo piano in various clubs in New York and Atlantic City. 1912 - Up to 1912, "Papa" Mutt Carey had been playing on alto horn after starting on drums and guitar. Then he changed to playing cornet around 1912.

1913 - The Tuxedo Hall closes down. So Oscar Celestin (leader of the Tuxedo Orchestra) goes on to lead his own band at Villa Cafe, then he co-leads band with trumpeter/bassist Ricard Alexis, later billed as The Original Tuxedo. 1913 - Between 1913 and 1919, Edward "Kid" Ory was one of the most prominent "hot" bandleaders in town, working mainly in the district at Pete Lala's. 1913 - Freddie Keppard toured with the Original Creole Orchestra on the "Orpheum Circuit" between 1913 and 1918. During his musical career he used many "hokum" effects and was known to be a very powerful player. He was a prime favourite of Jelly Roll Morton. 1913 - From 1913, "Papa" Mutt Carey played cornet in the Crescent Orchestra (led by his brother Jack). He also did regular parade work with other bands. 1913 - Crescent Orchestra (1913-1920) - Jazz Band

1914 - Bunk Johnson leaves the Adam Olivier's Orchestra, and plays outside of New Orleans, mainly in Mandeville (where he taught for a while) and Baton Rouge, Louisiana, and in the western part of the State. (Another reference source, however, implies that the Adam Olivier Orchestra folded around 1910.) He then left Louisiana to resume touring with minstrel shows and circus bands. He later played in theatre orchestras till around 1927. In 1914, "Papa" Mutt Carey joined Kid Ory, replacing Lewis Matthews. 1914 - The National Orchestra (1914-1932)

Around about 1915, most New Orleans "jass" musicians headed north to Chicago where there was more money and opportunity. Nearly all the black "jass" musicians playing in Chicago during the period between 1915 and the mid 1920's came from New Orleans. 1915 - Manuel Perez, aged 42, leaves New Orleans for a residency at the Arsonia Cafe in Chicago, and plays at the Pekin Cafe, Royal Gardens, and with the Arthur Sims Band in Chicago. He returned quickly to New Orleans. He was one of the "big name" leaders of Storyville, mainly at Rice's Cafe. After the First World War, he played aboard SS Capitol, then took a residency at Oasis caberet and Pelican Ballroom. He also played parades with the Maple Leaf Orchestra (circa 1918 to the late 1920's). He was busy until the Depression in 1929. 1915 - Up until 1915, Jelly Roll Morton was known as one of the most famous of Storyville "Professors". But he left town permanently in 1915. He first went to San Francisco to appear at the Exposition, then returned to Chicago, later playing solo piano at the Fairfax Hotel, Detroit. Then he did a bout of touring, playing piano and also engaging in several non-musical enterprises. He later became one of the few great men of jazz. 1915 - Freddie Keppard was touring with the "Orpheum Circuit" when it visited Chicago and New York in 1915. 1915 - Original Dixieland Jazz Band (1915 - early 1920's) - Jazz Band - In 1915, Nick La Rocca worked with drummer and band leader Johnny Stein (Hountha) at the Haymarket Cafe, New Orleans. One reference source claims that the ODJB wasn't formed till 1916 ... mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com ... The Original Dixieland Jazz Band would continue on to be the band who made the first jazz records in 1917. 1915 - Tom Brown's Band from Dixieland (1915) - This band left New Orleans for Chicago in 1915.

1916 - From 1916, Alphonse Picou plays with the Tuxedo Brass Band and continues with them up until the mid 1920's. He takes time out to play in the Camelia Brass Band (he may have played also with the Camelia Dance Orchestra) and with John Robichaux (John Robichaux Dance Orchestra and the Excelsior Brass Band). 1916 - Nick La Rocca leaves New Orleans for Chicago with Johnny Stein on 1st March 1916. In late May 1916 La Rocca and three of his colleagues left Stein and formed the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (ODJB). (NOTE: The Rose and Souchon reference - "New Orleans Jazz" gives the formation of the Original Dixieland Jazz Band in 1915 as mentioned above...) mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com   The ODJB used a temporary drummer (Earl Carter) for their first engagement in the Hotel Normandy in Chicago - June 1916. Tony Spargo joined them after two weeks. 1916 - "Big Eye" Louis Nelson leaves New Orleans in June 1916 to join the Original Creole Orchestra, then left the following spring during temporary break up and returned to New Orleans. 1916 - Noone-Petit Orchestra (1916) - Jazz Band - Contemporaries of Buddy Petit acclaim him as the equal of Louis Armstrong. Petit preferred to job around on one-night stands, advertising wagons, and dance dates. He never recorded. 1916 - Original New Orleans Jazz Band (circa 1916) - Jazz Band

1917 - In January 1917, the Original Dixieland Jazz Band (with Larry Shields in place of Alcide Nunez) opened at Reisenweber's in New York. The band's Victor recording career began a month later, in February. (The word "Jass" was used in those days. The label "jazz" was not yet invented.)    The first ever jazz recording was made by the Original Dixieland Jazz Band, led by Nick La Rocca. The first tune recorded was "Livery Stable Blues". The recordings they made in 1917 spread all around the world at that time. The style was very spirited, and today we might call it "corny". It probably didn't really reflect most of the jazz style of the time. Because of the very nature of jazz , with its syncopation, double-time rhythm and emphasis on the second beat, there would be many styles to the sound of jazz in 1917. To HEAR this recording click on the link below. After activating REAL PLAYER Use your browser's BACK button to return here LiveryStableBlues1917.rm Cornet - Nick Larocca Trombone - Eddie Edwards Clarinet - Larry Shields Piano - Henry Ragas Drums - Tony Sbarbaro New York City - 26 February 1917 The early jazz musicians liked to imitate sounds with their instruments. They certainly did a good job imitating the sounds of the horses, or mules, in the recording of "Livery stable Blues" in 1917. The mules played an important part, and still do for the tourists, in pulling carts through the streets of New Orleans.

1917 - "Papa" Jack Laine retired from music in 1917, and worked at his own blacksmith's business. This was before the Original Dixielend Jazz Band won its success. Jack Laine never played on records, but made tapes at the Tulane University under Johnny Wiggs' leadership in the early 1960's. He managed a garage for many years.

1917 - Bassist Bob Lyons remembered seeing Buddy Bolden in New Orleans at the celebrations marking the end of the First World War. It seems possible that Bolden was released from the mental home for brief periods, but spent his last years there.

1917 - Alphonse Picou played briefly in chicago with Manuel Perez at the Arsonia Cafe around 1917, then returned to New Orleans, where he worked for John Robichaux's Dance Orchestra, the Camelia Orchestra, the Golden Leaf Orchestra, and also had regular dates with the Tuxedo Brass Band. He composed tunes for King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band.

1917 - Oscar "Papa" Celestin, about 1917, helps trombonist William ("Bebe") Ridgely to organise the Tuxedo Orchestra. The two men co-lead on and off until they split up in 1925.  NOTE: Available sources of information indicate that "The Original Tuxedo Orchestra" began in 1913, and the "The Tuxedo Orchestra" began in 1910. This seems to be confusing, as the "original" one began "after" the first created Tuxedo Orchestra. One would think that the word "original" would be applicable to the first formed of the two orchestras. Can anyone help with info here? mailto:Folfie@hotmail.com

1917 - Joe Oliver rejoined Kid Ory in 1917.

1917 - Jelly Roll Morton went to California around 1917, and played at various clubs in and around Los Angeles including Cadillac Cafe, Baron Long's in Watts, and the US Grand Hotel. He ran his own cub-hotel in Los Angeles, then organised his own small band for residency at the Regent Hotel, Vancouver. After a vacation in Alaska, he worked in Caspar, Wyoming, then briefly with George Morrison's Band in Denver, Colorado.

1917 - Buddy Petit went to Los Angeles to join Jelly Roll Morton, but soon returned to New Orleans to lead The Young Olympians.

1917 - Young Olympians Jazz Band (1917-1918) - Jazz Band led by Buddy Petit, cornet.

1917 - In 1917, Freddie Keppard's Original Creoles disbanded temporarily, but soon re-formed under Keppard's leadership to play a residency at the Logan Square Theatre in Chicago. Then they briefly toured the Orpheum Circuit again. After this Keppard settled in Chicago, played residency at The Entertainer's Cafe, then toured with the "Tan Town Topics". He returned to play at The Entertainer's and at the De Luxe.

1917 - Johnny Dodds did a short spell with Fate Marable on SS Capitol, then left New Orleans to tour with Billy and Mary Mack's Merrymakers Show in 1917-1918.

1917 - In 1917 "Papa" Mutt Carey toured with "the Mack and Mack Show", along with Johnny Dodds and Steve Lewis. He went to Chicago in 1917 with Johnny Dodds, played briefly with Lawrence Duhe's Band, and replaced the King Oliver Orchestra at Dreamland. (Lawrence Duhe's Band played at the Deluxe Cafe, Chicago, between 1917 and 1919; Duhe made his debute in New Orleans when he went there in 1913 with his hometown friend Kid Ory; Duhe also studied with Lorenzo Tio Junior, and retired from music in 1944.)

1917 - Camelia Brass Band (1917-1923)

1917 - Camelia Dance Orchestra (1917 to mid 1920s)

1917 - Johnny DeDroit (1917-late 1950s) - dance orchestra

1917 - Kid Lindsey's Jazz Band (1917-1918) - Louis Armstrong played in this jazz band.

1917 - Morgan's Euphonic Syncopators (1917) - all but the pianist in this Chicago band were Orleanians.

1917 - Triangle Band (1917-1925) - Dominated the jazz activities in the Irish Channel during its period.

1917 - Storyville closed down in 1917 but jazz was still played in the other areas of New Orleans.